The first day or normal bleeding is recognized as the beginning of the cycle. Spotting (single brown secretion drops, not bloody) is included in the previous one. The cycle begins on the first day of normal bleeding (not spotting) and ends in the day before the next bleeding eg 28, 30, 33.

The luteal phase is a fase of higher temperatures associated with increasing levels of progesterone. The first day of luteal phase is the day when progesterone increasing. Luteal phase starts day after ovulation and should stay from 12 to 16 days. Other sources give a value of 10 days as minimum length.

This is the day on which the conception of a child is not possible. That period/time is characterized by a relatively consistant length, how to determine that time depends on the chosen NFP method and your experience.
What to start from and how to do the chart analysis on your own?

The day of cervical peak is the last day on which cervix was located in the highest position, the most open and soft.
We consider that day retrospectively, ie after observations in the day trends to close, hardening and reduction of cervix position the cervix peak we set preceding day.

We consider that day retrospectively, ie the next day when we observe dispapperance fertile mucus, we determine the preceding day as mucus peak. Depending on chosen NFP method the cervix peak + 3 days ends fertile phase.
The day of mucus peak is the last day in which mucus had one of characteristics higher fertility (transparency, elasticity, slippery, humidity).

Temperature increase (temperature shift) - starts phase of higher temperatures which is continued untill the next period (10-16 days).
We can recognize it when three consecutive undisturbed temperatures are higher than the preceding six measurements. The third measurement should be higer at leat 0.2 C degree of the highest teperature from that six misurements before shift.
What to start from and how to do the chart analysis on your own?